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A no-fluff, step-by-step cell imaging protocol for microscopy images you can actually quantify. Eighteen numbered steps take you from Köhler setup and pixel calibration, through setting exposure on your brightest sample so nothing saturates, to acquiring the whole set under locked, identical settings. Works for brightfield, phase contrast, and fluorescence. Includes an equipment table, an acceptance-criteria checklist, and a troubleshooting table mapping each symptom to the s

Your p-value can confirm an effect is real and say nothing about whether it's big enough to matter. Effect size answers that second question, and for a two-group comparison Cohen's d is the standard measure: the mean difference divided by the pooled standard deviation. This guide covers how to calculate and report Cohen's d, why to report it alongside every p-value and confidence interval, and how to interpret it without leaning on the 0.2/0.5/0.8 benchmarks that often don't