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A small p-value tells you a difference is probably real, not that it's big enough to matter. Statistical significance asks whether an effect is distinguishable from noise; biological significance asks whether it's large enough to change a cell, a patient, or a conclusion. Because the p-value shrinks as your sample grows, a big enough study can stamp p < 0.05 on a difference that means nothing. Here's why, with real examples, and what to report instead: effect size and confide